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456 Appendix D Subnet mask conversion from CIDR to dotted decimal format
In the example of /20 previously given, the remainder is 4. In Table
87 "CIDR format remainders" (page 456), a remainder of 4 is equal
to a binary value of 1111 0000 and the dotted decimal format value
of the next and last field is 240. The first 3 fields of the subnet mask
are 255.255.240.
3
If there are any remaining fields in the dotted decimal format, they
have a value of 0. The complete subnet mask in dotted decimal
format is 255.255.240.0.
Table 87
CIDR format remainders
Remainder of CIDR
format value divided
by 8 Binary value
Dotted decimal
value
1 1000 0000 128
2 1100 0000 192
3 1110 0000 224
4 1111 0000 240
5
1111 1000 248
6 1111 1100 252
7 1111 1110 254
—End—
Nortel Communication Server 1000
IP Trunk Fundamentals
NN43001-563 01.01 Standard
Release 5.0 30 May 2007
Copyright © 2007, Nortel Networks
.
- IP Trunk Fundamentals 1
- Revision History 3
- 4 Revision History 4
- ITG engineering guidelines 87 7
- NN43001-563 01.01 Standard 10
- Release 5.0 30 May 2007 10
- Maintenance 387 13
- 16 Contents 16
- How to Get Help 17
- 18 How to Get Help 18
- Overview of IP Trunk 3.01 19
- 20 Overview of IP Trunk 3.01 20
- Introduction 21 21
- Figure 1 21
- Directly-routed calls 22
- Gatekeeper-routed calls 22
- Startup and registration 23
- 24 Overview of IP Trunk 3.01 24
- 26 Overview of IP Trunk 3.01 26
- Loss plans and pad values 27
- Codec selection 27
- Package requirements 27
- System description 29
- System requirements 32
- Ordering rules and guidelines 36
- IP trunk card description 38
- Card roles 39
- Follower 40
- Active Leader 40
- Backup Leader 41
- D-channel IP gateway 41
- 42 System description 42
- Figure 5 42
- Card combinations 43
- 44 System description 44
- IP trunk card description 45 45
- Figure 7 47
- Card Status LED 48
- Ethernet status LEDs 49
- Reset switch 49
- PC Card socket 49
- Maintenance display 49
- 50 System description 50
- NTVQ01BB Hardware 52
- Assembly description 53
- Status LED 53
- Reset button 53
- 54 System description 54
- Installation guidelines 55
- Software delivery 55
- Card upgrades 56
- 60 System description 60
- Figure 15 60
- Figure 16 60
- Labeled Media Card 60
- ISDN Signaling Link 61
- 62 System description 62
- Figure 17 62
- ITG configuration 62
- ISDN Signaling Link 63 63
- Figure 18 63
- Dialing plans 64
- Multi-node configuration 65
- North American dialing plan 66
- Flexible Numbering Plan 66
- Echo cancellation 67
- Echo canceller tail delay 67
- Speech Activity Detection 69
- DTMF Through Dial 69
- Quality of Service parameters 71
- Packet loss 71
- 72 System description 72
- Traceroute 73
- End-to-end latency 73
- Equipment Impairment factor 74
- Figure 22 75
- Type of Service 76
- Type of Service 77 77
- Fax support 78
- Remote Access 79
- Configuration 80
- Messaging 81
- Start record 81
- SNMP MIB 82
- SNMP MIB 83 83
- Codec profiles 84
- Security passwords 85
- Administrator level 86
- Technical support level 86
- ITG engineering guidelines 87
- Audience 90
- Equipment requirements 91
- 92 ITG engineering guidelines 92
- 94 ITG engineering guidelines 94
- Figure 24 94
- Procedure 4 95
- Estimating voice traffic 95
- 96 ITG engineering guidelines 96
- Procedure 5 97
- 98 ITG engineering guidelines 98
- Card role 102
- DCHIP card role 102
- Leader card role 102
- Single card role 103
- Backup Leader/Follower role 103
- Host module type 104
- Endpoint type 105
- Recommendation 107
- ATTENTION 113
- TAT enhancement 116
- TAT call Scenario 117
- TAT versus TRO 118
- Assess WAN link resources 122
- Assess WAN link resources 123 123
- Route Link Traffic Estimation 124
- Enough capacity 126
- Implement QoS in IP networks 127
- Traffic mix 128
- TCP traffic behavior 128
- Queue management 130
- Queueing delay 130
- Class-based Queueing 130
- Buffer management and WRED 130
- Fine-tune network QoS 133
- Further network analysis 133
- Components of delay 133
- Propagation delay 133
- Serialization delay 134
- Queuing delay 134
- Routing and hop count 135
- Other delay components 136
- Reduce link delay 136
- Reduce hop count 137
- Adjust jitter buffer size 137
- Reduce packet loss 137
- Routing issues 138
- Network modeling 138
- Time-of-Day voice routing 139
- Measure intranet QoS 140
- Measure intranet QoS 141 141
- Figure 27 141
- Measure intranet QoS 143 143
- Figure 28 143
- Figure 29 143
- QoS level with G.711 codec 143
- Obtain QoS measurement tools 144
- Adjust PING measurements 146
- Late packets 146
- Estimate voice quality 148
- Sample scenarios 151
- Measure intranet QoS 153 153
- IP trunk card connections 154
- 10/100BaseT Ethernet ports 154
- RS-232 serial ports 154
- Subnet configurations 155
- Private IP addresses 157
- Public IP addresses 157
- General LAN considerations 158
- TLAN subnet design 159
- Setting up the ELAN subnet 160
- Duplex mismatch 160
- I/O filter connector 161
- Codec types 162
- Payload size 163
- Fallback threshold 165
- Set ITG QoS objectives 166
- Intranet QoS monitoring 167
- SNMP network management 168
- User feedback 169
- Contents 171
- Introduction 171
- TM 3.1 ITG Engineering rules 171
- Figure 32 173
- TM 3.1 PC description 174
- Hard drive requirements 176
- Before you begin 180
- ESN installation summar y 183
- Channel Identifier planning 184
- Overlapping channel numbers 190
- Card installation procedure 190
- Procedure 7 192
- Figure 34 193
- Figure 35 195
- Procedure 9 196
- Installing the NTCW84KA cable 196
- Figure 36 197
- Procedure 10 197
- Installing the NTMF94EA cable 197
- For DCHIP cards 198
- For non-DCHIP cards 198
- Configure NT6D80 MSDL switches 199
- Large System equipment row) 200
- Procedure 12 202
- Large System equipment rows 202
- Install the serial cable 204
- Figure 40 206
- EMC kit deployment 206
- Figure 41 207
- Figure 42 208
- Chassis" (page 210) 209
- RS-232 maintenance port 210
- NTMF29BA DCHIP cable 211
- Figure 46 212
- NTMF04BA MSDL extension cable 213
- DCHIP Cable Routing 213
- 1000M Cabinet extension cable 214
- Other components 214
- Trunk 3.01 (and later) 216
- Systems 218
- ESN5 network signaling 229
- Procedure 17 235
- Figure 50 236
- Add ITG Node window 236
- Figure 51 236
- General tab 236
- Configure Network Connections 237
- Configure card properties 239
- Figure 52 240
- Configuration tab 240
- Procedure 20 242
- Procedure 21 246
- Configure Accounting server 249
- Figure 58 251
- Procedure 24 252
- Figure 59 253
- Configure Digits dialed tab 254
- Figure 60 256
- Procedure 28 262
- Procedure 29 264
- Procedure 30 265
- Figure 61 266
- IP trunk card status 266
- Procedure 31 267
- Procedure 32 268
- Procedure 33 269
- Procedure 34 270
- Figure 64 272
- Procedure 36 273
- Upgrade the DCHIP PC Card 275
- Overview 281
- Add a site and system 282
- Add a site and system 283 283
- Figure 68 283
- Add a Site 283
- Change an existing site 284
- Add a site and system 285 285
- Figure 70 285
- Change System Properties 285
- Figure 71 285
- Delete a site 286
- Add a site and system 287 287
- Figure 73 287
- Deleting a site 287
- Figure 74 288
- Figure 75 288
- Confirm deletion 288
- Add a system 289
- Figure 77 290
- New system menu bar 290
- Add a site and system 291 291
- Figure 78 291
- Select a system type 291
- Figure 79 291
- Figure 80 292
- Add a site and system 293 293
- Figure 81 293
- System Data tab 293
- Figure 82 294
- Empty Customers window 294
- Add a site and system 295 295
- Figure 83 295
- Add Customer window 295
- Figure 84 295
- Change an existing system 296
- Add a site and system 297 297
- Figure 85 297
- System Properties window 297
- Click Properties 298
- Delete a system 299
- Figure 89 300
- Figure 90 300
- Confirming the deletion 300
- Procedure 45 301
- Figure 91 301
- Figure 92 302
- ITG ISDN IP Trunk window 302
- Figure 93 302
- Add ITG Node dialog box 302
- Figure 94 303
- New ITG node General tab 303
- Figure 95 304
- Figure 96 306
- Figure 98 308
- Edit a node 311
- Figure 102 312
- Change node properties 312
- Figure 103 312
- Figure 104 313
- Figure 105 313
- Figure 106 314
- Figure 107 315
- Figure 108 315
- Delete a node 316
- Figure 113 318
- The node is deleted 318
- Destination node protocol 319
- Quality of Service 319
- Dialing plan types 320
- Figure 114 322
- Figure 115 322
- ITG Dialing Plan window 322
- Figure 116 323
- Figure 117 324
- Figure 118 324
- Figure 119 325
- Selected Remote Node 325
- Figure 121 327
- Select the destination node 327
- Figure 122 327
- Figure 123 328
- Figure 124 329
- Figure 125 329
- Figure 127 331
- Select the Dial Plan 331
- Complex dialing plans 332
- Gatekeeper-resolved endpoints 333
- Figure 130 334
- Making a Gatekeeper zone 334
- Procedure 49 334
- Figure 131 335
- Procedure 51 337
- Figure 133 337
- Figure 135 339
- TM 3.1 OA and M using TM 3.1 341
- Delete an IP trunk card 343
- Database locking 344
- ITG Card Properties window 345
- Procedure 54 346
- Configure the date and time 346
- DSP maintenance window 347
- D-channel maintenance 348
- Transmit configuration data 348
- Figure 140 349
- ITG Transmit Options window 349
- Figure 141 350
- Locked IP trunk card message 350
- Procedure 56 351
- Figure 142 352
- Retrieve ITG node window 352
- Figure 143 353
- Configuration audit 354
- Trunk 3.0 (and later) node 355
- Procedure 59 356
- Figure 144 357
- Generate OM Report 357
- Figure 145 357
- OM Report scheduling window 357
- MAT Installation 358
- Backup and restore operations 359
- Alarm Notification 359
- System commands LD 32 360
- System commands LD 32 363 363
- STAT l s c u 363
- Procedure 60 367
- Procedure 61 368
- Figure 147 369
- Procedure 62 370
- Procedure 63 370
- Display the number of DSPs 373
- Software upgrade 376
- Generic file transfer: 376
- Configuration file transfer 376
- Procedure 64 378
- Procedure 65 378
- Procedure 66 379
- Backup from the CLI 380
- Restore from the CLI 381
- Display IP trunk card status 385
- Maintenance 387
- System level maintenance 394
- IP trunk card LD commands 395
- Error traps 397
- ITG shell command set 398
- IP trunk card self-tests 406
- BIOS self-test 407
- Base code self-test 407
- Application upgrade 408
- Maintenance or bug fix upgrade 408
- Patching tool 408
- Patch Directories 412
- Flash storage upgrades 412
- Software upgrade mechanisms 412
- Upgrade software using TM 3.1 412
- Replace an IP trunk card 414
- Replace an IP trunk card 415 415
- 416 Maintenance 416
- Replace an IP trunk card 417 417
- Procedure 71 417
- Procedure 72 417
- Backup and restore procedures 418
- Fault clearance procedures 419
- DCH failure 420
- DCH link failure 420
- PC Card failure 420
- DCHIP card failure 421
- Power loss 421
- Message: PRI241 426
- Description 426
- Normal cause 426
- 428 Maintenance 428
- Appendix A 429
- Patches and advisements 429
- IP Trunk 3.01.22 patches 430
- Appendix B 433
- (page 439).) 438
- Procedure 73 445
- Tools list 447
- Remove the NT8D81BA cable 447
- Procedure 75 448
- Appendix C 449
- Mechanical conditions 450
- Appendix D 455
- Appendix E 457
- CLI commands 457
- 458 Appendix E CLI commands 458
- Appendix F 459
- Procedure 77 460
- Procedure 78 462
- ELAN subnet installation) 465
- Appendix G 471
- Upgrade procedure summary 472
- Procedure 80 474
- Figure 156 475
- ITG/ISL trunk software 476
- Procedure 83 478
- ITG> card Reset 479
- Figure 157 480
- Software download example 480
- Upgrade considerations 481
- Procedure 85 482
- Verify ROM-BIOS version 483
- Upgrade Troubleshooting 483
- Symbols/Numerics 485
- 486 Index 486
- Index 487 487
- 488 Index 488
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